3 Research-Backed Substance Abuse Treatments
Substance use disorder (SUD) is a multifaceted condition characterized by a problematic pattern of substance use. It can range in severity from mild to severe, indicating addiction. However, SUD is a treatable mental health condition, and seeking assistance promptly is crucial if you suspect you or your child may be developing it.
People may experience more than one substance use disorder simultaneously, such as alcohol use disorder and cocaine use disorder. The impact of SUD on health, relationships, and overall quality of life can be substantial and, in some cases, life-threatening. Therefore, early intervention upon recognizing signs of SUD is essential.
The likelihood of developing SUD, termed “addiction liability,” varies among substances and depends on factors like administration method, speed of crossing the blood-brain barrier, onset of effects, and the substance’s capacity to induce tolerance and withdrawal symptoms.
3 Substance Abuse Treatments
Cognitive and Behavioral Therapies
Psychotherapy (talk therapy) can help treat SUD and any other co-occurring mental health conditions. Therapy also teaches healthy coping mechanisms. Healthcare providers may recommend cognitive and behavioral therapies alone or in combination with medications.
Some examples of effective therapies for adults with SUDs include the following:
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT): CBT is a structured, goal-oriented type of psychotherapy. A mental health professional helps you look closely at your thoughts and emotions during CBT. You’ll come to understand how your thoughts affect your actions. You can unlearn negative thoughts and behaviors through CBT and learn to adopt healthier thinking patterns and habits. For SUD, CBT also involves encouraging motivation to change and education about treatment and preventing relapse.
Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT): DBT is especially effective for people who have difficulty managing and regulating their emotions. DBT has proven to be effective for treating and managing various mental health conditions, including SUD.
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT): ACT is grounded in the belief that suffering is intricately linked to our interaction with our thoughts and emotions. Often, in times of distress, individuals attempt to eliminate, evade, or rectify painful thoughts, emotions, or memories. Paradoxically, such efforts frequently contribute to prolonged suffering. ACT is a form of psychotherapy to assist individuals in recognizing thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that hinder them from leading the lives they aspire to. ACT imparts skills for embracing challenging thoughts and emotions, commitment to meaningful actions, and discovering purpose in life.
Contingency management (CM): CM encourages healthy behaviors by offering rewards for desired behaviors. Most commonly, the treatment provides something of monetary value to people with SUD to incentivize them not to use substances. For instance, upon a negative drug test result, you earn a chance to receive a prize or gift card.
Participating in self-help programs, like Narcotics Anonymous, can also play a significant role in SUD treatment. These programs support behavioral modification through self-help and peer support. The underlying principle of these programs is that people with SUD must understand that they have a chronic condition that will never go away. Group therapy supports people with SUD in maintaining self-control and restraint.
Detoxification
In detoxification, you stop taking the substance(s), allowing them to leave your body. Depending on the severity of the SUD, the substance or an alternative may be tapered off to lessen the effects of withdrawal. It’s the first major step of treatment for SUD. You can go through detoxification in both inpatient and outpatient settings.
Medication
Medication may be part of your treatment plan. Medications can help modify your brain chemistry to help treat certain SUDs. They can also relieve cravings and withdrawal symptoms.
Medication-assisted treatments are available for:
- Opioids: Methadone, buprenorphine and naltrexone are FDA-approved for the treatment of opioid use disorder.
- Alcohol: Three FDA-approved drugs include naltrexone, acamprosate and disulfiram.
Research on the Efficacy of Detox and Medication for SUD
This study undertook a secondary analysis of statewide administrative data, specifically the California Outcome Measurement System, gathered from publicly funded drug treatment centers spanning the years 1991-2012. The study focused on individuals seeking detoxification and medication treatment (mainly involving methadone), resulting in a sample of 237,709 unique individuals and 885,971 treatment episodes. Of these, 30.2% (192,252 individuals) pursued detoxification exclusively.
The investigation assessed three key outcomes:
- Probability of successful detoxification, defined by staff as completion or early departure with satisfactory progress.
- Duration of medication-assisted treatment.
- Estimated time-to-treatment subsequent to both successful and unsuccessful detoxification.
The analysis incorporated various controlled variables, including age, gender, ethnicity, primary drug disorder (heroin versus prescribed opioids), frequency of primary drug use, secondary drug use disorder (none; other opioid; stimulant; alcohol or marijuana), education, labor force status, referral source (individual choice or otherwise), treatment episode volume per facility, and county-level unemployment rate.
Key findings include a significant shift in treatment episodes, with detoxification decreasing from 83.7% in 1994 to 40.5% in 2010. Among those who never accessed medication-assisted treatment, the likelihood of successful detoxification diminished with each subsequent attempt.
Noteworthy patterns emerged, indicating that success rates were lowest among younger individuals (under 30) and those of Hispanic descent. Primary users of prescription opioids exhibited an almost 85% higher likelihood of successful detoxification compared to heroin users.
The study also revealed a declining success rate with successive detoxification attempts, with the second attempt being 32% less likely to succeed than the first, the third 44% less likely, the fourth 47% less likely, and the fifth 59% less likely.
The percentage of individuals accessing medication treatment within 14 days post-detoxification was lower for successfully detoxified individuals (51.3%) compared to those who did not achieve successful detoxification (55.3%). Additionally, only 20.2% of the 627,687 detoxification treatment episodes resulted in admission to medication-assisted treatment, and a mere 10.9% were admitted within the crucial 14-day timeframe.
Significance of the Study
This study underscores the involvement of 237,709 distinct individuals in 885,971 treatment episodes across California, shedding light on the recurrent nature of opioid use disorder. It emphasizes the imperative to identify factors influencing successful detoxification and subsequent engagement in medication-assisted treatment through multiple attempts.
Repeated detoxification attempts without subsequent medication linkage were associated with a progressive decline in the likelihood of successful detoxification. This suggests that utilizing detoxification as a standalone treatment may not significantly contribute to the recovery process without concurrent medication-assisted treatment. In terms of medication treatment duration, each subsequent attempt showed an increase in length, and successful detoxification positively influenced the duration of subsequent medication treatment. Consequently, detoxification may enhance future medication treatment efforts by being associated with prolonged engagement in medication-assisted treatment.
Notably, opioid treatment guidelines propose defining success in opioid detoxification based on subsequent linkage to medication, a proposition supported by the findings of this study. This highlights the importance of integrating detoxification with medication-assisted treatment for a more effective and sustained approach to opioid use disorder management.
For individuals and families seeking recovery:
If you or a family member require treatment for alcohol or other drug-related issues, it’s crucial to understand that detoxification alone is not considered a comprehensive treatment for opioid use disorder; rather, it serves as a medical intervention. Following detoxification, a sustained, long-term medication treatment plan is essential. This study reveals that, with each successive attempt at medication-assisted treatment, the duration increases compared to the initial endeavor. It’s imperative to find strategies to initiate and maintain opioid treatment, as prolonged medication treatment correlates with more favorable outcomes.
For treatment professionals and treatment systems:
The data indicates a prolonged stay on agonist treatment with each additional detox episode, emphasizing the necessity of adopting a long-term approach to opioid use disorder recovery and remission. However, shorter durations of medication-assisted treatment are associated with concurrent stimulant use disorder and primary heroin use disorder (as opposed to prescription opioids or a combination of prescription opioids and heroin). This implies that individuals simultaneously using stimulants like cocaine or methamphetamine and those with a heroin use disorder are at a heightened risk of dropping out from agonist treatment. Individuals with these clinical characteristics may require increased attention and support to enhance the likelihood of treatment retention and achieve more successful outcomes.
Contact COPE Psychological Center for Comprehensive Support
For individuals and families seeking recovery or treatment professionals involved in SUD management, COPE Psychological Center offers comprehensive support. Recognizing the multifaceted nature of SUD, COPE provides evidence-based treatments, including cognitive and behavioral therapies and medication-assisted treatments. By understanding the findings of the study, individuals and professionals can make informed decisions, fostering successful and sustained recovery.
Contact COPE Psychological Center today to access personalized and effective interventions, empowering individuals and families on their journey towards recovery. Together, we can navigate the complexities of SUD, promoting healthier lives and positive outcomes.